Abstract The aim of this paper was to present a summary of the process of developing and preparing the final documents of the national consensus for teaching undergraduate Brazilian dental students the dental caries curriculum in the Portuguese language. The final document was developed in three steps: a) The ABENO and LAOHA cariology group invited experts from all five regions of Brazil to participate in the discussion. The theoretical support for crafting the first draft of the consensus was based on two publications: National Curriculum Guidelines of the Dentistry graduation in Brazil, Ministry of Education (2021) and the competences described in the European Core Curriculum for Cariology (ORCA-ADEE, 2011); b) The group of experts was divided into 5 working groups: G1-Domain, Main and Specific Competences, G2-Essential knowledge, G3-Life course perspective, G4-Social determinants and dental caries, G5- Glossary. The document was finalized by thoroughly reviewing the process using Delphi methodology; c) The 5-chapter document (one from each working group) was submitted to three open public consultations in 2022 (May-June, August, and October) using Google-forms. The suggestions (content/wording) were discussed within the group as: totally accepted, partially accepted, and rejected. A total of 192 suggestions were registered from 31 dental schools in all regions of Brazil. The number of suggestions received per Group were: 84, 28, 26, 24, 30 suggestions for G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5, respectively. The majority of suggestions were totally accepted by the group of experts (n = 172, 89.6%), 15 were partially accepted (7.8%), and 5 were rejected. Conclusion The final document could be considered to be the first national consensus for teaching the dental caries curriculum in Brazil.

Abstract This review aimed to describe the importance of the first 1000 days of a child’s life as a golden period for interventions and actions to prevent dental caries and other chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) throughout the life course and highlight that the first 450 days of life could be even more important for oral health. During the first 1000 days of life (pregnancy and first two years of life), health care providers can identify unhealthy lifestyles, behaviors, and their determinants. Bearing in mind contextual factors like socioeconomic conditions and cultural aspects, this is a unique period to work together with the family and identify opportunities for adopting healthy habits that might last throughout the life of the expected or newborn child. This is a “window of opportunity” for the prevention of chronic NCDs of both systemic and oral origin, such as overweight, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and dental caries. In fact, to effectively prevent dental caries, pregnancy and the first 6 months of a child’s life (first 450 days) should be considered the critical period to work together with families to facilitate the adoption of healthy habits. Knowledge about the first thousand days of life is essential and represents a crucial period for the implementation of actions and interventions that will guarantee good oral and general health development that can persist throughout life.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the remineralizing potential of a hydrocolloid-based, controlled fluoride-releasing system added to dentifrice formulas. Material and Methods: Sixty-five human enamel blocks were prepared and the surface microhardness (SH0) values were determined. The artificial caries lesions were induced and the demineralization surface microhardness (SH1) was evaluated. The blocks were randomly allocated into five groups (n = 13): (1) 100-TGF (100% NaF with Tara gum added); (2) 50-TGF (50% free NaF + 50% NaF with Tara gum added); (3) 100% TG (100% Tara gum without fluoride); (4) 100% NaF (positive control); and (5) placebo (without Tara gum and NaF). The blocks were submitted to 7 days pH cycling and treated with dentifrice slurries twice a day. Finally, surface hardness (SH2) was assessed and the percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SMHR) was calculated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni test was used for statistical analysis. Results: A positive %SMHR was found in the 100% NaF (5.07) and 50-TGF (0.64) groups, while the 100-TGF (-1.38), 100% TG (-3.88) and placebo (-0.52) did not undergo remineralization. Statistically significant differences were observed between 100% NaF and all the groups except for 50-TGF (p<0.05). Conclusion: The presence of hydrocolloid (Tara gum) promoted minimal remineralization when associated with NaF. In the applied model, Tara gum may have compromised remineralization, preventing free fluoride from acting effectively in the carious lesion.

Abstract Dental caries can be effectively managed and prevented from developing into cavitated lesions while preserving tooth structure at all levels. However, the strong correlation between caries and socioeconomic factors may compromise the efficacy of preventive strategies. The high prevalence of persistent inequalities in dental caries in Latin American and Caribbean countries (LACC) is a matter of concern. The estimates of the burden of disease in some countries in this region are outdated or absent. This paper aims to summarize and present the final recommendations of a regional Consensus for Dental Caries Prevalence, Prospects, and Challenges for LACC. This consensus is based on four articles that were written by a team of Latin American experts, reviewed by dental associations, and presented and discussed in two consensus events. The following domains were explored: epidemiology, risk factors, prevention strategies, and management of dental caries with a focus on restorative procedures. Dental caries can manifest throughout the lifespan of an individual, making it a matter of concern for infants, children, adults, and older people alike. The prevalence rates of untreated caries in deciduous and permanent teeth are high in many parts of the world, including LACCs. Previous evidence suggests that the prevalence of dental caries in 12-year-olds is moderate to high in most Latin American countries. Moreover, the prevalence of treatment needs and dental caries in the adult and elderly population can also be regarded as high in this region. The risk/protective factors (e.g., sugar consumption, exposure to fluoride, and oral hygiene) probably operate similarly in all LACCs, although variations in the interplay of these factors in some countries and within the same country cannot be ruled out. Although salt and water fluoridation programs are implemented in many countries, there is a need for implementation of a surveillance policy. There is also room for improvement with regard to the introduction of minimal intervention techniques in practice and public health programs. Dental caries is a marker of social disadvantage, and oral health promotion programs and interventions aimed at reducing the burden of dental caries in LACCs must consider the complexity of the socioeconomic dynamics in this region. There is an urgent need to promote engagement of stakeholders, policymakers, medical personnel, universities, dental associations, community members, and industries to develop regional plans that enhance the oral health agenda for LACCs. A list of recommendations has been presented to underpin strategies aimed at reducing the prevalence and severity of dental caries and improving the quality of life of the impacted LACC population in the near future.

The aims of this study were (1) to assess the amount of fluoride (F) released from varnishes containing calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP) and (2) to assess the effect of the experimental varnishes on in vitrodemineralization. Six test groups using 5 varnishes: base varnish (no active ingredients); Duraphat® (2.26% NaF); Duofluorid® (5.63% NaF/CaF2); experimental varnish 1 (1% CaGP/5.63% NaF/CaF2); experimental varnish 2 (5% CaGP/5.63% NaF/CaF2); and no varnish were set up. In stage 1, 60 acrylic blocks were randomly distributed into 6 groups (n = 10). Then 300 µg of each varnish was applied to each block. The blocks were immersed in deionized water, which was changed after 1, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Fluoride concentration in the water was analyzed using a fluoride electrode. In stage 2, 60 bovine enamel samples were distributed into 6 groups (n = 10), and treated with 300 µg of the respective varnish. After 6 h the varnish was removed and the samples were subjected to a 7-day in vitro pH cycle (6 h demineralization/18 h remineralization per day). The demineralization was measured using surface hardness. The results showed that both experimental varnishes released more fluoride than Duofluorid® and Duraphat® (p < 0.05), but Duraphat® showed the best preventive effect by decreasing enamel hardness loss (p < 0.05). Therefore, we conclude that even though (1) the experimental varnishes containing CaGP released greater amounts of F, (2) they did not increase in the preventive effect against enamel demineralization.

Candida albicans é um fungo comensal que circunstancialmente pode causar infecções superficiais das mucosas, como a estomatite protética, na qual o biofilme se forma sobre a superfície das próteses dentárias. Este estudo avaliou a viabilidade celular de biofilmes de C. albicans frente à ação antifúngica do timol em comparação com o miconazol por meio da técnica de fluorescência, empregando os corantes SYTO 9 e iodeto de propídio, e contagem das unidades formadoras de colônia. Utilizaram-se cepas de C. albicans (ATCC 11006). As concentrações inibitórias mínimas (CIM) e fungicidas mínimas (CFM) das drogas foram determinadas com testes de microdiluição em caldo, sendo o inóculo padronizado para corresponder a 0,5 da escala de McFarland (106 UFC/mL). Os biofilmes foram cultivados sobre a superfície de discos de resina acrílica, em células paralelas de fluxo, a partir de caldo Sabouraud suplementado com dextrose 10%. Para a contagem das unidades formadoras de colônia, as soluções fúngicas foram sequencialmente diluídas e semeadas em agar Sabouraud dextrose Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística ANOVA A dois fatores e teste de Tukey (α = 5%). Biofilmes tratados com o timol e miconazol apresentaram baixos números percentuais de células viáveis nos tempos de exposição avaliados. Houve diferença estatística significante (p<0.05) em comparação com o controle, e o valor médio dos tempos de exposição entre miconazol e timol não diferiu estatisticamente (p>0.05). Concluindo, ambas as drogas possuem similar eficiência como agentes antifúngicos contra a viabilidade de biofilmes de C. albicans formados em superfícies de resinas acrílicas.

Candida albicans is a commensal fungus, but circumstantially it may cause superficial infections of the mucous membranes, such as denture stomatitis, when a biofilm is formed on the surface of dental prostheses. This study evaluated the cell viability of C. albicans biofilms against the antifungal activity of thymol when compared with miconazole, by the fluorescence imaging using SYTO 9 and propidium iodide dyes, and counting of colony forming units. C. albicans standard strains (ATCC 11006) were used. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of drugs were determined by broth microdilution tests and the inoculum was standardized to match 0.5 on the McFarland scale (106 cfu/mL). Biofilms were grown on the surface of acrylic resin disks in parallel flow chambers from Sabouraud broth supplemented with 10% dextrose. For counting of colony forming units, the fungal solution was sequentially diluted and plated in Sabouraud dextrose agar. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (a=5%). Biofilms treated with thymol and miconazole presented low numbers of viable cells at the evaluated exposure times. There was statistically significant difference (p<0.05) when compared with control, and the mean value of the exposure times between miconazole and thymol did not differ significantly (p>0.05). In conclusion, both drugs have similar efficiency as antifungal agents against biofilms of C. albicans formed on acrylic surfaces.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar um estudo etnobotânico sobre a indicação de plantas medicinais para tratamentos de patologias bucais, bem como investigar sobre o uso de plantas medicinais entre usuários de serviços odontológicos na cidade de João Pessoa, Brasil. O levantamento consistiu em duas etapas de investigação: raizeiros (n = 20) e usuários (n = 200). Foi aplicado um formulário aos raizeiros a fim de saber quais plantas medicinais são mais comercializadas para problemas bucais. Posteriormente, foi aplicado um formulário dirigido aos usuários de serviço público (n = 100) e particular (n = 100) com o objetivo obter informações sobre a utilização de fitoterápicos. As plantas de uso odontológico mais vendidas pelos raizeiros foram: babatenon (Pithecelobium avaremotemo Mart.), aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi), cajueiro roxo (Anacardium occidentale L.) e quixaba (Bumelia sartorum Mart.). Dentre os usuários, 80% afirmam utilizar plantas medicinais, sendo as mais citadas: a romã (Punica granatum L.), cajueiro roxo, juá (Zizyphus joazeiro Mart.), e hortelã de folha graúda (Plectrantus amboinicus Lour). Os dados sugerem que boa parte da população local, principalmente serviço público, faz uso de plantas medicinais, sendo necessária a realização de mais estudos que possam comprovar cientificamente a ação das mesmas.

The objective of this research was to carry out an ethnobotanical study about the indication of medicinal plants for oral conditions, as well as to investigate the use of medicinal plants among users of dental services in the city of João Pessoa, Brazil. The work consisted of two stages of investigation: traditional healers ("raizeiros") (n = 20) and users (n = 200). A structured form was applied to the healers in order to know which medicinal plant they marketed most for oral pathologies. Later, a form was applied to the users of public services (n = 100) and private services (n = 100) to obtain information about the use phytotherapy. The most frequent plants used for oral problems that were sold by the healers were: "babatenon" (Pithecelobium avaremotemo Mart.), "aroeira" (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi), cashew tree known as "cajueiro roxo" (Anacardium occidentale L.) and "quixaba" (Bumelia sartorum Mart.). Among the users, 80% reported the use of medicinal plants. The most cited were pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), cashew tree, "juá" (Zizyphus joazeiro Mart.), and mint leaf known as "hortelã da folha graúda" (Plectrantus amboinicus Lour). The data suggest that a good deal of the local population, mainly public service users do use medicinal plants. It is necessary, though more studies to prove the effective action of the plants under scientific basis.